HALLMARKS OF ENGLISH SILVER
MAKER'S MARK IDENTIFICATION

WITH THE ADDITION OF SCOTTISH, IRISH, CHANNEL ISLANDS AND COLONIES SILVERMITHS
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BRITISH SILVERSMITHS - ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF MARKS: IA-IG
ALPHABETICAL LISTING
OF SILVERSMITHS' NAMES		 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  [B] = BIRMINGHAM    [C] = Chester   [D] = DUBLIN  [E] = EDIMBURGH  [EX] = EXETER  [G] = GLASGOW    [L] = LONDON  [N] = NEWSCASTLE   
[S] = SHEFFIELD   [Y] = YORK
(lower-case letter denote smaller ones but they may be capital letters)
CLICK ON THE YELLOW NAME FOR MAKER'S MARK IMAGE
I & IW over & Co (Waterhouse, Hodgson & Co [ S] ) 19th c./1st half
I & T.S. (John & Thomas Settle [ S] ) 19th c./1st half
IAS over McKAY into a circle (IAS McKay [E] ) 19th c./1st half
I&T.S. (John & Thomas Settle [ S ]) 19th c./1st half
IB (John Bettridge [ B ]) 19th c./1st half
IB (James Beattie 1790 or John Boyer 1794 or Joseph Barnard 1798 or John Blake 1803 or John Bunn 1806 or John Blades 1812 or John Brent 1820 or John Blades 1827 [ L ] ) end 18th c/beginning 19th c.
IB (John Bolland [ D ] ) 18th c./2nd half
IB (James Brady [ D ] ) end 18th c./beginning 19th c.
I B into an oval (John Bourne [ L ] ) 18th c./2nd half
I.B (John Buckton [ D ] ) 19th c./1st half
I.B over a star (John Bache [ L ] ) 18th c./1st half
I.B under a crown (John Bridge [ L ] ) 19th c./1st half
I.B over EB (James & Elizabeth Bland [ L ] ) end 18th c.

IC under two stars (Isaac Callard [ L ] ) 18th c./1st half
IC into a trefoil (John Cafe [ L ] ) mid 18th c.
IC (Joseph Craddock [ L ] ) 19th c./1st half
IC between two ladders and two shells (Johannes Combrink [CAPE] ) 1820 c.
IC into an oval (Joseph Craddock [ L ] ) 19th c./1st half
I.C (John Craig [ D ] ) 18th c./2nd half
I.C (John Carter [ L ] ) 18th c./2nd half
I.C (John Daly [ D ] ) end 18th c.
I.C into rectangle (John Cramer [ L ] ) entered 1797
ICF (John Cope Folkard [ L ] ) 19th c./1st half
ICA (Iona Celtic Art [ B ] ) 20th c./1st half
I.C over T.H (John Crouch & Thomas Hannam [ L ] ) 18th c./2nd half
I.C over W.R into a quaterfoil (Joseph Craddock & William Reid [ L ] ) 19th c./1st half
ID in script (Jabez Daniel [ L ] ) mid 18th c.
ID (John Deacon [ L ] ) 18th c./2nd half
ID into an oval (James Dempster [ E ] ) end 18th c.
ID (John Death [ L ] ) 19th c./1st half
ID (John Deas [N] ) 19th c./1st half
I.D (James Darquits [ L ] ) 18th c./2nd half
I blossom D (John Delmester or Dempster [ L ] ) 18th c./2nd half
I.D over A.D (John & Archibald Douglas [ L ] ) 19th c./1st half
IE (I. Ellis & sons [ S] )
IE (James England [ D ] ) 19th c./1st half
I.E (John Eyre & Co [S ] ) 19th c./1st half
I.E (John Egan [ D ] ) 19th c./1st half
I.E into a rectangle (John Edwards III [L] ) entered 1788
IE over AH (James Ede & Alexander Hewat [L] ) 19th c./1st half
I over EA over & (Edward Aldridge & John Stampe[ L] ) mid 18th c.
IE over EE (John & Edward Edwards [L] ) 19th c./1st half
IE over &S into a shield (John & Edward Edwards [S] ) end 19th c./beginning 20th c.f
IET (John Edward Terrey & Co [ L ]) 19th c./1st half

IF (John Figg [ L ] )
IF (James Fray [ D ] ) 19th c./1st half
I F into two conjoined circles (John Wilmin Figg [ L ] ) 19th c./1st half
I.F (John Foskett [ L ] ) 19th c./1st half
IF & CO (James Fenton & Co [ S ] ) 19th c./1st half
IF &SON over LTD into an oval (Israel Freeman & Son Ltd [ L ][ S ] ) mid 20th c.
I.F over G.L (John Fox or Faux & George Love [ L ] ) 18th c./2nd half
I.G inside a rectangle (John Gorham or Jeffrey Griffith [ L ]) 18th c./1st half
IG (James Glen [ G ] ) 18th c./1st half
IG into a heart (John Gamon [ L ] ) 18th c./1st half
IG in script (James Gibbons [ L ] ) mid 18th c.
IG (John Graham [ E ] ) 19th c./1st half
IG in script under a crown (R & S Garrard & Co -James Garrard- [ L ] ) 19th c./2nd half
IG (John Girdler [ L ] ) 20th c./2nd half
HALLMARKS OF ENGLISH SILVER - MAKER'S MARK IDENTIFICATION
ALPHABETICAL LISTING
OF SILVERSMITHS' NAMES		 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
THE DIRECTORY OF CAPE SILVERSMITHS A - C D - I J - M N - T U - Z
THE DIRECTORY OF CHANNEL ISLANDS SILVERSMITHS A - F G - H I - P Q - Z unidentified makers
BRITISH TOWN MARKS AND DATE LETTERS
London town marks Birmingham town marks Dublin town marks Edinburgh town marks Sheffield town marks Exeter town marks
London Birmingham Dublin Edinburgh Sheffield Chester
The hallmarking of British silver is based on a combination of marks that makes possible the identification of the origin and the age of each piece.
The marks are:

Town mark, corresponding to the mark of the assay office that has verified the piece
London town mark Sheffield town mark Birmingham town mark Newcastle town mark Dublin town mark Edimburgh town mark Glasgow town mark

Lion's passant guardant or Britannia or lion's head erased certifiying the silver's quality
lion passant: 1598-1820 lion passant: after 1820 Britannia and lion's head erased: from 1697 to 1718
Maker's mark, identifying the silversmith presenting the piece to the assay office

Date letter, in cycles of twenty letters of the alphabet of different shape identifies the year in which the piece was verified by the assay office
London date letter 'a'
A further mark was used in the period 1784 - 1890:
Sovereign head ('duty mark'), certifying the payment of duty
Sovereign head: duty mark from 1784 to 1890
work in progress on this page - your help, corrections and suggestions will be greatly appreciated -